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Zidovudine
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DB00495 |
[A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia. [PubChem]] |
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Promestriene
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DB12487 |
[Promestriene has been used in trials studying the prevention of Hypospadias.] |
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Triclocarban
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DB11155 |
[Triclocarban, with the chemical formula C13H9Cl3N2O [L2675] is an antibacterial agent that is particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria such as *Staphylococcus aureus*. It is a bacteriostatic compound that has been found in antibacterial soaps and other personal care products. In 2017, the US FDA prohibited the marketing of over-the-counter (OTC) consumer antiseptic wash products containing triclocarban due to negative health effects such as bacterial resistance or hormonal effects [L2672], [L2673].] |
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Zinc citrate
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DB11154 |
[Zinc citrate is a zinc salt of citric acid. It is available as dietary supplements as a treatment of zinc deficiency and source of zinc, which is an essential trace element. Zinc citrate demonstrates effective absorption following oral administration [A27280].] |
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Potassium hydroxide
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DB11153 |
[Potassium hydroxide, also known as _lye_ is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula _KOH_. Also commonly referred to as _caustic potash_, it is a potent base that is marketed in several forms including pellets, flakes, and powders. It is used in various chemical, industrial and manufacturing applications. Potassium hydroxide is also a precursor to other potassium compounds. Potassium hydroxide is used in food to adjust pH, as a stabilizer, and as a thickening agent.[L1946,L1951] This ingredient has been considered as generally safe as a direct human food ingredient by the FDA, based upon the observance of several good manufacturing practice conditions of use.[L1943]
In addition to the above uses, potassium hydroxide is also used in making soap, as an electrolyte in alkaline batteries and in electroplating, lithography, and paint and varnish removers. Liquid drain cleaners contain 25 to 36% of potassium hydroxide [L1946].
Medically, potassium hydroxide (KOH) is widely used in the wet mount preparation of various clinical specimens for microscopic visualization of fungi and fungal elements in skin, hair, nails, and even vaginal secretions [A32324], [L1946].
Recently, it has been studied for efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of warts. It was determined that topical KOH solution was found to be a safe and effective treatment of plane warts [L1941].] |
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Mirvetuximab Soravtansine
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DB12489 |
[Mirvetuximab Soravtansine has been used in trials studying the treatment of Ovarian cancer, Endometrial Cancer, Fallopian tube cancer, Epithelial Ovarian Cancer, and Primary Peritoneal Cancer, among others.] |
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Trichloroacetate
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DB11152 |
[Trichloroacetate, or trichloroacetic acid, is a strong acid prepared by the reaction of chlorine with acetic acid in the presence of a suitable catalyst. In clinical chemistry and biochemistry, it is used as a precipitant of macromolecules including proteins, DNA and RNA. Trichloroacetate is also found in cosmetic treatments and topical formulations as a cauterant, which removes condyloma or warts on the skin.] |
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Sodium sulfide
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DB11159 |
[Sodium sulfide is a chemical compound with a chemical formula Na2S. Sodium sulfide is used in the pulp and paper industry, water treatment, textile industry, and various chemical manufacturing processes including the production of rubber chemicals, sulfur dyes and oil recovery. Along with its hydrate form, sodium sulfide releases hydrogen sulfide (H2S) when in contact with moist air. H2S is an endogenous gaseous transmitter that exhibits anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties. Along with other sulfides, the anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective effects of sodium sulfide have been investigated in models of inflammation and oxidative stress. Interestingly, sodium sulfide was shown to have some cardioprotective role against cardiac ischemia or reperfusion injury, as well as protect lungs against ventilator-induced lung injury [A27275]. However the clinical significance and mechanism of action of sodium sulfide and replication of results across other studies are not yet fully determined.] |
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Copanlisib
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DB12483 |
[Copanlisib is a selective pan-Class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K/Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase/phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase) inhibitor that was first developed by Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals, Inc. The drug targets the enzyme that plays a role in regulating cell growth and survival. Copanlisib was granted accelerated approval on September 14, 2017 under the market name Aliqopa for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed follicular lymphoma and a treatment history of at least two prior systemic therapies. Follicular lymphoma is a slow-growing type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that is caused by unregulated proliferation and growth of lymphocytes. The active ingredient in Aliquopa intravenous therapy is copanlisib dihydrochloride.] |
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Pectin
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DB11158 |
[Pectin is a heteropolysaccharide commercially derived from the cell wall of higher plants.[A32327] It is composed of partially methylated polygalacturonic acid units linked in the positions 1-4.[L1961] The carboxylic group of the constituents of pectin can exist in the form of esters, free acids, ammonium, potassium or sodium salts or as acid amides. Under the FDA regulation, pectin qualifies as a GRAS (generally recognized as safe) food substance. This status allows pectin to be used with no limitations.[L1960]] |
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Tetrahydrouridine
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DB12484 |
[Tetrahydrouridine has been used in trials studying the treatment of Neoplasms, Lung Neoplasms, Breast Neoplasms, Sickle Cell Disease, and Head and Neck Cancer, among others.] |
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Anthralin
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DB11157 |
[Anthralin (1,8‐dihydroxy‐9anthrone, dithranol) is an older anti-psoriatic agent that was first synthesized as a derivative of chrysarobin, obtained from the araroba tree in Brazil over 100 years ago. Adverse effects of anthralin include irritation and discoloration of the skin [A27277].
This specific property of the molecule inspired workers to study details of its pharmacology. It is important to consider that the drug is relatively innocuous, yet effective, and systemic side effects have not been observed with this anthralin, in contrast to a wide variety of systemic and topical therapies for psoriasis [L1935].
Anthralin is also known as dithranol. It is a main active ingredient in topical skin formulations for the treatment of psoriasis. Various formulations of the drug are available, including solutions, foams, and shampoos [L1979]. The chemical structure of anthralin allows for dual solubility, permitting the compound to be absorbed well through the epidermis [A27276].
Anthralin has also been studied in the treatment of warts, showing promising results [A32307]. Salicylic acid is frequently added to anthralin to augment the stability of anthralin and to increase its penetration and efficacy [L1979].] |
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Pimonidazole
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DB12485 |
[Pimonidazole is under investigation for the diagnostic of Prostate Cancer and Head and Neck Cancer.] |
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Elobixibat
|
DB12486 |
[Elobixibat has been used in trials studying the treatment and basic science of Dyslipidemia, Constipation, Chronic Constipation, Functional Constipation, and Chronic Idiopathic Constipation.] |
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Pyrantel
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DB11156 |
[Pyrantel is a pyrimidine-derivative anthelmintic agent for the oral treatment of various parasitic worm infections including ascariasis, hookworm infections, enterobiasis (pinworm infection), trichostrongyliasis, and trichinellosis [L1904].
Pyrantel was initially described in 1965 by researchers from Pfizer who sought cyclic amidines with suitable pharmacokinetic properties (specifically, duration of action) for use as an anthelmintic drug. Pyrantel is mainly available in formulations for dogs and cats as the embonate salt, containing a 34.7% pyrantel base [L1900].
Pyrantel is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, which are the safest and most effective medicines required in a functioning health system [L1901], [L1902].
A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent causing longstanding nicotinic receptor activation, resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes (worms). Pyrantel has shown to be effective after a single dose [L1905].
In humans, it is administered as pyrantel pamoate [A32282],[A32283],[L1893],[L1898].] |
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Betulinic Acid
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DB12480 |
[Betulinic Acid has been used in trials studying the treatment of Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome.] |
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Barium
|
DB12481 |
[Barium is under investigation for the diagnostic of Known or Suspected Abdominal Disease.] |
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Acotiamide
|
DB12482 |
[Acotiamide has been used in trials studying the treatment of Dyspepsia and Functional Dyspepsia.] |
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Sodium hydroxide
|
DB11151 |
[Sodium hydroxide is also known as _lye_ or _soda_ , or _caustic soda_ [L1971].
At room temperature, sodium hydroxide is a white crystalline odorless solid that absorbs moisture from the air. It is a synthetically manufactured substance. When dissolved in water or neutralized with acid it releases substantial amounts of heat, which may prove sufficient to ignite combustible materials. Sodium hydroxide is highly corrosive [L1965].
Sodium hydroxide is generally used as a solid or a diluted in a 50% solution. This chemical is used to manufacture soaps, rayon, paper, explosives, dyestuffs, and petroleum products [L1965].
It is also used in processing cotton fabric, laundering and bleaching, metal cleaning and processing, oxide coating, electroplating, and electrolytic extracting. It is commonly found in commercial drain/ oven cleaners [L1965]. According to the the FDA, sodium hydroxide is considered a direct food recognized as safe, where it serves as a pH control agent and follows good manufacturing guidelines [L1967].
Interestingly, sodium hydroxide has been studied for its use in the treatment of prion disease (as occurs in mad cow disease and kuru). The use of this compound has been shown to effectively reduce prion levels in an in vitro inactivation assay [A32334].] |
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Barium sulfate
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DB11150 |
[Barium sulfate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula BaSO4 [L1957].
Barium sulfate occurs in nature as the mineral _barite_. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield [L1957].
This drug is used as a contrast agent in diagnostic x-ray procedures. Therapeutic advantages of barium sulfate in diagnostic procedures include both its low water solubility and high level of clearance from the body [FDA label].
Barium sulfate is ingested by mouth or administered rectally and combined with granules of effervescent bicarbonate to enhance distension of the GI tract, allowing for enhanced gastrointestinal tract visualization [L1957], [L1959].] |
