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1-(c14-c18 esteroyl)-2-docosahexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine
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DB11188 |
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1-(c14-c18 esteroyl)-2-docosahexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
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DB11187 |
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Pentoxyverine
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DB11186 |
[Pentoxyverine, also referred to as carbetapentane, is a non-opioid central acting antitussive with antimuscarinic, anticonvulsant [A32717], and local anesthetic properties. It is an active ingredient in over-the-counter cough suppressants in combination with guaifenesin and H1-receptor antagonists [A32160]. Pentoxyverine acts on sigma-1 receptors, as well as kappa and mu-opioid receptors.] |
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Sulisobenzone
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DB11185 |
[Sulisobenzone is approved by the FDA in concentrations of up to 10% and in Canada, is approved by Health Canada at the same concentrations [F38]. It works to filter out both UVA and UVB rays, protecting the skin from sun UV damage [L2153].
The UV-filter substance, sulisobenzone (BP-4) is widely used an ingredient in sunscreens and other personal care products [A32927], [L2668]. It falls under the drug category of _benzophenones_. The benzophenones are a group of aromatic ketones that have both pharmaceutical and industrial applications [L2671]. Benzophenones may be found organically in fruits such as grapes [L2669].
Benzophenones are used as photoinitiators, fragrance enhancers, ultraviolet curing agents, and, occasionally, as flavor ingredients; they are also used in the manufacture of insecticides, agricultural chemicals, and pharmaceuticals and as an additive for plastics, coatings, and adhesives [L2670].
As a group, benzophenones may be used to delay photodegradation or extend shelf life in toiletries and plastic surface coatings [L2671].] |
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Magnesium glycinate
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DB11189 |
[Magnesium glycinate is a magnesium salt of glycine that is available as dietary supplements as a source of magnesium. It is used in the treatment of magnesium deficiency.] |
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Tetrofosmin
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DB11180 |
[Tetrofosmin was developed to overcome the non-target uptake of radioligands by the generation of hetero-atomic compounds. It presents a molecular formula of 1,2-bis(bis(2-ethoxyethyl)phosphino)ethane. Tetrofosmin is part of the group of diphosphines. The sell of tetrofosmin in a freeze-dried kit is FDA approved and it is always accompanied by technetium Tc-99m as a radiopharmaceutical.[A7788]] |
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Oftasceine
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DB11184 |
[Oftasceine is also referred to as Fluorexon. It is used in ophthalmic solutions as a staining agent when fitting soft and hard lenses. It is a fluorescent dye or luminescent agent.] |
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Light green SF yellowish
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DB11183 |
[Light green SF yellowish is a green triarylmethane dye that is used in the preparation of the staining solution which is widely used as a counterstain. It is used in histological applications and other labratory settings, and usually exists as a disodium salt. The maximum absorption of light green SF yellowish is at 630 (422) nm. Although it has been used as a food colorant, it was discontinued from the market due to low popularity which are possibly due to low durability of the dye and increased tendency of the dye to fade. Light green SF yellowish is also available as sterile strips used as a diagnostic agent when superficial corneal or conjunctival tissue change is suspected.] |
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Rose bengal
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DB11182 |
[Rose bengal is a pink stain derived as an analogue of fluorescein. Its disodium salt in ophthalmic solutions has been used as a diagnostic agent in suspected damage to conjunctival and corneal cells. It is also used in laboratory settings, including the preparation of Foraminifera for microscopic analysis and suppression of bacterial growth in several microbiological media. A direct cytotoxic effect of Rose bengal on microorganisms and cancer cells has been observed, questioning its potential antitumor actions via intralesional injections. The clinical applications of rose bengal as injectable formulation under the name PV-10 in melanoma, breast cancer and skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis are being investigated in clinical trials.[A32399]] |
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Homatropine
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DB11181 |
[Homatropine is an anticholinergic drug that acts as an antagonist at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. It is present in antitussives, under the trade name Hycodan, in combination with hydrocodone (dihydrocodeinone) bitartrate indicated for the symptomatic relief of cough as oral tablets or solutions. Homatropine is included in subtherapeutic amounts as homatropine methylbromide to discourage deliberate overdosage. Homatropine hydrobromide has been administered as ophthalmic solutions as a cycloplegic to temporarily paralyze accomodation, and to induce mydriasis (the dilation of the pupil); however such therapeutic use has not been approved by the FDA to be safe and effective.] |
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Sage oil
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DB11199 |
[Sage oil is extracted from sage or *Salvia officinalis*, the herb commonly used for culinary purposes. *Salvia officinalis* is a common sage and a member of the genus *Salvia*, that includes aromatic and perennial plants with flowers. Essential oil has been traditionally used in medicine for the relief of pain and the treatment of inflammation and infections, as it is reported to exhibit carminative, antispasmodic, antiseptic, and astringent properties [A27252]. The main constituents of sage oil include camphor, 1,8-cineole, α-thujone, β-thujone, borneol, and viridiflorol, which are thought to mainly produce the biological effects of sage oil. Sage oil also contains flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds that mediate strong antioxidant, radical-scavenging, and antibacterial activities [A27252]. It is found in cosmetics, personal care products and dietary supplements.] |
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Peppermint oil
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DB11198 |
[Extracted from the stem, leaves, and flowers of _Mentha piperita_ L. plant, peppermint oil (Mentha piperita) is a popular essential oil used in aromatherapy for both external and internal use. Mentha piperita is a hybrid of spearmint (Mentha spicata) and water mint (Mentha aquatica) [A33065]. Medicinal use of herbal ingredients such as peppermint oil has a long history of treating digestive disorders and upper respiratory symptoms and cough [A33055]. There are various over-the-counter and commercial uses of peppermint oil due to its carminative, cholagogue, antibacterial, secretolytic, and choleretic actions [A33056]. Peppermint oil contains pulegone, which is a naturally-occurring pesticide [F77]. Other active constituents of peppermint oil include [DB00825], menthone, cineol, and several other volatile oils [A33055, A33056].
Peppermint oil is used as a flavouring agent in foods and fragrance in hygienic or cosmetic products, and as an anti-itch and cooling agent in topical pharmaceutical products. It is also an active ingredient in topical analgesics for the relief of joint and muscle pain. Peppermint oil can be applied topically to temporarily relieve tension-type headache. The use of peppermint oil in the management of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has been investigated in many clinical studies due to its relaxing effects on smooth muscle; however the evidence supporting this use is unclear. Due to its effectiveness in relaxing GI smooth muscle but ability to induce gastroesophageal reflux, enteric-coated formulations of peppermint oil has been established which bypass the upper GI tract unmetabolized, thereby facilitating its effect in the lower GI tract without effects in the upper tract [A33055]. Peppermint oil is safe and well-tolerated at commonly recommended dosage [A33055].] |
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Ferrous cysteine glycinate
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DB11197 |
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Cobamamide
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DB11191 |
[Cobamamide is one of the active forms of vitamin B12 that is also known as _adenosylcobalamin_ or _dibencozide_. This drug is available as a nutritional supplement to prevent vitamin B12 deficiency.
Vitamin B12 is a collective term for these variously substituted corrinoids. The principal biochemical participants are two coenzyme forms of Vitamin B12 that are produced and activated in two separate cellular compartments: methylcobalamin in the cytosol and adenosylcobalamin in the mitochondria [L2053].
Vitamin B12 (cyancobalamin, Cbl) has two active co-enzyme forms, _methylcobalamin (MeCbl)_ and _adenosylcobalamin (AdCbl)_. There has been a shift in the treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency such that MeCbl is being extensively used and promoted. This exists despite the fact that both MeCbl and AdCbl are necessary for life and have vastly different metabolic fates and functions. MeCbl is mainly involved along with folate in hematopoiesis and the growth of the brain during childhood. Deficiency of AdCbl disturbs the carbohydrate, fat and amino-acid metabolism, and therefore interferes with the formation of myelin. It is therefore important to treat vitamin B12 deficiency with a combination of MeCbl and AdCbl or hydroxocobalamin or cobalamin [L2054].
Vitamin B12 has important physiological roles including DNA synthesis, myelin formation in the nervous system, red blood cell formation, as well as fatty acid and amino acid metabolism [L2047]. Please refer to the entry [DB00115] for more information on this entry.] |
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Pantethine
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DB11190 |
[Pantethine is a naturally occurring compound synthesized in the body from pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) via addition of cysteamine. It consists of two molecules of pantetheine that form a dimer via disufide linkages, and acts as an intermediate in the production of Coenzyme A. Coenzyme A plays an essential role as a cofactor in the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates including fatty acid oxidation, carbohydrate metabolism, pyruvate degradation, and amino acid catabolism [A27255]. Pantethine is available as a dietary supplement for lowering blood cholesterol and triglycerides.] |
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Xylitol
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DB11195 |
[Xylitol is a naturally occurring five-carbon sugar alcohol found in most plant material, including many fruits and vegetables. Xylitol-rich plant materials include birch and beechwood [A22081]. It is widely used as a sugar substitute and in "sugar-free" food products. The effects of xylitol on dental caries have been widely studied, and xylitol is added to some chewing gums and other oral care products to prevent tooth decay and dry mouth. Xylitol is a non-fermentable sugar alcohol by most plaque bacteria, indicating that it cannot be fermented into cariogenic acid end-products [A32423]. It works by inhibiting the growth of the microorganisms present in plaque and saliva after it accummulates intracellularly into the microorganism [A32423]. The recommended dose of xylitol for dental caries prevention is 6–10 g/day, and most adults can tolerate 40 g/day without adverse events [A22081].] |
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Papain
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DB11193 |
[Papain, also known as papaya proteinase I, is a cysteine protease (EC 3.4.22.2) enzyme that is found in species of papaya, _Carica papaya_ and _Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis_. The enzyme is found to be localized in the skin of papaya, and is collected from slashed unripe papayas as a crude latex. Papain is used in food, pharmaceutical, textile, and cosmetic industries. While it has been used for the treatment of inflammation and pain via topical administration, papain has also shown to have anthelmintic and tooth-whitening properties. Present in over-the-counter mixture products consisting of different digestive enzymes, its active site contains a catalytic diad that plays a role in breaking peptide bonds. Papain is also used as an ingredient in various enzymatic debriding preparations.] |
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L-threonic acid
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DB11192 |
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2-Ammoniobut-3-Enoate, 2-Amino-3-Butenoate
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DB01804 |
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2-(Trimethylammonium)Ethyl Thiol
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DB01803 |
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