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Urapidil
|
DB12661 |
[Urapidil has been investigated for the treatment of Hypertension During Pre-Eclampsia.] |
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Azintamide
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DB13992 |
|
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MRK-409
|
DB13993 |
[MRK-409 is a GABA-A receptor agonist [A31972].] |
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Naveglitazar
|
DB12662 |
[Naveglitazar has been used in trials studying the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent.] |
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Sinapultide
|
DB11332 |
[Sinapultide (also known as KL4 peptide) is a synthetic protein used to mimic human lung surfactant protein B.[L2502] This protein has a weight of 2469.40.[L2502]
Sinapultide is a 21-residue peptide made up of lysine (K) and leucine (L) residues with the sequence KLLLLKLLLLKLLLLKLLLLK (KL4), in aqueous dispersion with the phospholipids DPPC (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine), POPG (palmitoyloleoyl-phosphatidylglycerol), and palmitic acid, to create the drug [lucinactant].[L2506]
The product was originally developed by the Scripps Research Institute, then licensed to Windtree Therapeutics.[L2502] Windtree Therapeutics plans a phase III trial for Respiratory distress syndrome in 2018.[L2505]
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in preterm infants. Surfactant replacement therapy has been commonly used to prevent and treat RDS in these newborns and is now a standard of care. First-generation synthetic surfactants that were previously used, such as _Exosurf_ did not contain any surfactant protein. This large disadvantage was overcome with animal-derived surfactant products which contain specific proteins but are limited, but must be derived from animal sources. This has led to the development of newer synthetic surfactants such as lucinactant (Surfaxin), which contains sinapultide. Phase 3 clinical trials with Surfaxin show promising results with similar efficacy as animal-derived surfactants while avoiding the use of animal-origin products.[L2504]
Windtree is currently developing aerosolized KL4 surfactant to treat RDS in premature infants, and thereafter, to potentially address a range of indications in neonatal, pediatric and adult critical care patient populations.[L2511]] |
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Cephaloglycin
|
DB00689 |
[A cephalorsporin antibiotic that is no longer commonly used.] |
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Mycophenolate mofetil
|
DB00688 |
[Mycophenolate mofetil, also known as MMF or CellCept, is a prodrug of mycophenolic acid, and classified as a reversible inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH).[A180805] This drug is an immunosuppressant combined with drugs such as [Cyclosporine] and corticosteroids to prevent organ rejection after hepatic, renal, and cardiac transplants.[L7363] It is marketed by Roche Pharmaceuticals and was granted FDA approval for the prophylaxis of transplant rejection in 1995.[A180826] In addition to the above uses, mycophenolate mofetil has also been studied for the treatment of nephritis and other complications of autoimmune diseases. Unlike another immunosuppressant class, the calcineurin inhibitors, MMF generally does not cause nephrotoxicity or fibrosis.[A180799,A180805]
Previously, mycophenolic acid (MPA) was administered to individuals with autoimmune diseases beginning in the 1970s, but was discontinued due to gastrointestinal effects and concerns over carcinogenicity.[A180826] The new semi-synthetic 2-morpholinoethyl ester of MPA was synthesized to avoid the gastrointestinal effects associated with the administration of MPA. It demonstrates an increased bioavailability, a higher efficacy, and reduced gastrointestinal effects when compared to MPA.[A180826]] |
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Beclamide
|
DB09011 |
[Beclamide (N-benzyl-B-chloropropionamide) is a no longer used drug that possesses anticonvulsant and sedative activity. It was studied in the 1950s for generalised tonic-clonic seizures but was not effective for absence seizures.] |
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Trovafloxacin
|
DB00685 |
[Trovafloxacin is a broad spectrum antibiotic that has been commonly marketed under the brand name Trovan by Pfizer. It exerts its antibacterial activity by inhibiting the uncoiling of supercoiled DNA in various bacteria by blocking the activity of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. It was shown to be more effective against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria when compared to previous fluoroquinolones. Due to its hepatotoxic potential, trovafloxacin was withdrawn from the market.] |
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Carmofur
|
DB09010 |
[Carmofur is a derivative of fluorouracil, and is an antineoplastic agent that has been used in the treatment of breast and colorectal cancer. Carmofur has been known to induce leukoencephalopathy.] |
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Tobramycin
|
DB00684 |
[An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the pseudomonas species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, nebramycin, produced by the same species.] |
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Befunolol
|
DB09013 |
[Befunolol is a beta blocker introduced in 1983 by Kakenyaku Kakko. It is currently in experimental status, and is being tested for the management of open angle glaucoma.] |
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Fludrocortisone
|
DB00687 |
[Fludrocortisone is a synthetic mineralocorticoid used in conjunction with [hydrocortisone] to replace missing endogenous corticosteroids in patients with adrenal insufficiency.[A187169,A187187] It is functionally similar to [aldosterone], the body's primary endogenous mineralocorticoid, and is structurally analogous to [cortisol], differing only by a fluorine atom at the 9-position of the steroid structure - this fluorination is thought to be crucial to fludrocortisone's significant mineralocorticoid potency.[A5423]] |
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Carbazochrome
|
DB09012 |
[Carbazochrome is a hemostatic agent that promotes clotting, preventing blood loss from open wounds. It is an oxidation product of adrenaline which enhances the microcirculatory tone [A19747]. In the future this may prevent excessive blood flow during surgical operations and the treatment of hemorrhoids, but research on effectiveness and severity of side effects remains inconclusive. It is not FDA-approved but is available as tablets or IM/SC injections in the treatment of hemorrhages in a number of countries.
Carbazochrome has been investigated for use in the treatment of non-surgical acute uncomplicated hemorrhoids in a mixture with [DB13124], and this combination therapy demonstrated efficacy and safe tolerability either at a local or systemic level [A19744].] |
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Pentosan polysulfate
|
DB00686 |
[Pentosan polysulfate is a sulfated pentosyl polysaccharide with heparin-like properties.] |
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Canrenoic acid
|
DB09015 |
[Canrenoic acid (as the salt potassium canrenoate) is an aldosterone antagonist. Like spironolactone, it is a prodrug, which is metabolized to canrenone in the body.] |
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Amphotericin B
|
DB00681 |
[Amphotericin B shows a high order of in vitro activity against many species of fungi. Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Candida species, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Rhodotorula, Cryptococcus neoformans, Sporothrix schenckii, Mucor mucedo, and Aspergillus fumigatus are all inhibited by concentrations of amphotericin B ranging from 0.03 to 1.0 mcg/mL in vitro. While Candida albicans is generally quite susceptible to amphotericin B, non-albicans species may be less susceptible. Pseudallescheria boydii and Fusarium sp. are often resistant to amphotericin B. The antibiotic is without effect on bacteria, rickettsiae, and viruses.] |
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Captodiame
|
DB09014 |
[Captodiame, also known as captodiamine, is an antihistamine which is used as a sedative and anxiolytic. It is a derivative of diphenhydramine. Captodiame has been suggested for use in preventing benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome.] |
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Moricizine
|
DB00680 |
[An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.] |
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Midazolam
|
DB00683 |
[Midazolam is a short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic, muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant, sedative, hypnotic, and amnesic properties.[A173842] It belongs to a class of drugs called _benzodiazepines_. This drug is unique from others in this class due to its rapid onset of effects and short duration of action.[A173842] Midazolam is available by oral, rectal, intranasal, intramuscular (IM), and intravenous (IV) routes and has been used in various biomedical applications, including dentistry, cardiac surgery, and endoscopic procedures as pre-anesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia.[F2977]
This drug was initially approved by the US FDA in 1985, and has been approved for various indications since.[FDA label] In late 2018, the intramuscular preparation was approved by the FDA for the treatment of status epilepticus in adults.[FDA label] In May 2019, the nasal spray of midazolam was approved for the acute treatment of distinctive intermittent, stereotypic seizure episodes in patients 12 years of age and older. Midazolam is considered a schedule IV drug in the United States due to the low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence.[L5074]] |
