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Thioridazine
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DB00679 |
[A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of psychoses, including schizophrenia, and in the control of severely disturbed or agitated behavior. It has little antiemetic activity. Thioridazine has a higher incidence of antimuscarinic effects, but a lower incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms, than chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p618).
Thioridazine was withdrawn worldwide in 2005 due to it's association with cardiac arrythmias.] |
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Cyamemazine
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DB09000 |
[Cyamemazine (Tercian), also known as cyamepromazine, is a typical antipsychotic drug of the phenothiazine class used primarily in the treatment of schizophrenia and psychosis-associated anxiety. Cyamemazine actually behaves like an atypical antipsychotic, due to its potent anxiolytic effects (5-HT2C) and lack of extrapyramidal side effects (5-HT2A).] |
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Galantamine
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DB00674 |
[A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in galanthus and other amaryllidaceae. Galantamine is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of gallamine triethiodide and tubocurarine, and has been studied as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.] |
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Aprepitant
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DB00673 |
[Aprepitant, an antiemetic, is a substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonist which, in combination with other antiemetic agents, is indicated for the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors. Aprepitant has little or no affinity for serotonin (5-HT3), dopamine, and corticosteroid receptors, the targets of existing therapies for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CI NV).] |
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Cloperastine
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DB09002 |
[Cloperastine is a cough suppressant that acts on the central nervous system.] |
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Benzyl benzoate
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DB00676 |
[Benzyl benzoate is one of the older preparations used to treat scabies. Scabies is a skin infection caused by the mite sarcoptes scabiei. It is characterised by severe itching (particularly at night), red spots, and may lead to a secondary infection. Benzyl benzoate is lethal to this mite and so is useful in the treatment of scabies. It is also used to treat lice infestation of the head and body. Benzyl benzoate is not the treatment of choice for scabies due to its irritant properties.] |
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Barbexaclone
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DB09001 |
[Barbexaclone, a salt compound of propylhexedrine and phenobarbital, is a potent antiepileptic. By weight, barbexaclone is 40% propylhexedrine and 60% phenobarbital. While barbexaclone has sedative properties, propylhexedrine has psychostimulant properties intended to offset these sedative effects. Pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated that the pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital given as barbexaclone are not affected by propylhexedrine. Several reports from Spanish and Italian literature suggest that barbexaclone is at least as effective as phenobarbital in adults and children, while being better tolerated and having less sedative properties. These reports were conducted in a small series of patients in the 1970s and 1980s, and have yet to be confirmed by larger controlled trials. Despite the lack of controlled trials, barbexaclone was used widely in Turkey until it was discontinued in 2009.
Barbexaclone exists in 25mg and 100mg tablets. 100mg of barbexaclone is equivalent to 60mg of phenobarbital. With this difference in potency in mind, other pharmacokinetic considerations such as dose titration, daily dosing, and optimal plasma concentration can be considered the same as for the equivalent amount of phenobarbital.
There has been a case of barbexaclone abuse due to the amphetamine like properties of propylhexedrine, although the comparative abuse potential is much lower than amphetamine.] |
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Tamoxifen
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DB00675 |
[Tamoxifen is a non-steroidal antiestrogen used to treat estrogen receptor positive breast cancers as well as prevent the incidence of breast cancer in high risk populations.[A1025,L7799,L7802] Tamoxifen is used alone or as an adjuvant in these treatments.[L7799,L7802] Tamoxifen may no longer be the preferred treatment for these types of cancers as patients generally have better survival, side effect profiles, and compliance with [anastrozole].[A1026]
Tamoxifen was granted FDA approval on 30 December 1977.[L7799]] |
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Clobutinol
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DB09004 |
[Clobutinol is a cough suppressant that is withdrawn from the US and EU markets. Clobutinol may prolong the QT interval. In 2007, Clobutinol was determined to cause cardiac arrhythmia in some patients.] |
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Pirenzepine
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DB00670 |
[An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as cimetidine and ranitidine. It is generally well tolerated by patients.] |
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Clocapramine
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DB09003 |
[Clocapramine is an atypical antipsychotic of the imidobenzyl class which was introduced in Japan in 1974 for the treatment of schizophrenia. In addition to psychosis, clocapramine has also been used to augment antidepressants in the treatment of anxiety and panic. Clocapramine has been implicated in at least one strange death, including a suicide.] |
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Chlorpropamide
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DB00672 |
[Chlorpropamide is an oral antihyperglycemic agent used for the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). It belongs to the sulfonylurea class of insulin secretagogues, which act by stimulating β cells of the pancreas to release insulin. Sulfonylureas increase both basal insulin secretion and meal-stimulated insulin release. Medications in this class differ in their dose, rate of absorption, duration of action, route of elimination and binding site on their target pancreatic β cell receptor. Sulfonylureas also increase peripheral glucose utilization, decrease hepatic gluconeogenesis and may increase the number and sensitivity of insulin receptors. Sulfonylureas are associated with weight gain, though less so than insulin. Due to their mechanism of action, sulfonylureas may cause hypoglycemia and require consistent food intake to decrease this risk. The risk of hypoglycemia is increased in elderly, debilitated and malnourished individuals. Chlorpropamide is not recommended for the treatment of NIDDM as it increases blood pressure and the risk of retinopathy (UKPDS-33). Up to 80% of the single oral dose of chlorpropramide is metabolized, likely in the liver; 80-90% of the dose is excreted in urine as unchanged drug and metabolites. Renal and hepatic dysfunction may increase the risk of hypoglycemia.] |
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Clinofibrate
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DB09006 |
[Clinofibrate is a fibrate drug sold and marketed in Japan.] |
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Batroxobin
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DB09005 |
[Batroxobin is a defibrinogenating hemostatic agent derived from the venom of a pit viper, Bothrops atrox moojeni. In addition to batroxobin, the venom of Bothrops atrox has a composition of 10.2% neutral carbohydrate. Batroxobin is a serine protease, which cleaves the 16 Arginine - 17 Glycine bond in fibrinogen. The MW of batroxobin is approximately 43,000 g/mol-1, and it contains 231 amino acids.
Batroxobin is inactivated by alpha2-macroglobulin, but not anti-thrombin compounds. Batroxobin will also bind fibrinogen in a manner different than thrombin and with a higher affinity. Once bound to fibrin, it will cause fibrin accretion(clot formation) to a degree 18 folds greater than thrombin.
Currently use is experimental but trials have been conducted which support certain clinical applications. Recombinant Batroxobin in relatively affordable and could be accessed by mass production.] |
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Cefixime
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DB00671 |
[Cefixime, an antibiotic, is a third-generation cephalosporin like ceftriaxone and cefotaxime. Cefixime is highly stable in the presence of beta-lactamase enzymes. As a result, many organisms resistant to penicillins and some cephalosporins due to the presence of beta-lactamases, may be susceptible to cefixime. The antibacterial effect of cefixime results from inhibition of mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall.] |
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Bromhexine
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DB09019 |
[Bromhexine is an expectorant/mucolytic agent. Bromhexine is not available in the United States. It is marketed under the trade name Bisolvon(R) in Germany, England, Belgium, France, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Australia, and South Africa.] |
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Clove oil
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DB11338 |
[Clove oil is obtained by extraction from the dried flower buds of the clove plant. Traditionally, it has been used as a flavouring spice in foods, or as a fragrance. It is also found in topical analgesics. Clove oil has shown to exert some antimicrobial activities. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of clove is higher than that of many fruits, vegetables, and other spices [A33133].
Clove is native of Indonesia but is now cultured in several parts of the world, including Brazil in the state of _Bahia_. This plant represents one of the richest source of phenolic compounds such as _eugenol_, _eugenol acetate_ and _gallic acid_ and has great potential for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and agricultural applications [A33133].
Interestingly, clove oil has been studied for its potential benefit in treating neuropathic pain, as well as vaginal candidiasis with promising results [A33137], [A33144].
The FDA categorizes clove oil as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in dental cement or as a food additive [F108].] |
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Bromopride
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DB09018 |
[Bromopride is a dopamine antagonist used as an antiemetic. Its prokinetic properties are similar to those of metoclopramide. It is unavailable in America or the United Kingdom.] |
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Zeatin
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DB11337 |
[An aminopurine factor in plant extracts that induces cell division. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dict, 5th ed)] |
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Kinetin
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DB11336 |
[Kinetin is a cytokinin which are plant hormones promotes cell division and plant growth. It was shown to naturally exist in DNA of organisms including humans and various plants. While kinetin is used in tissue cultures to produce new plants, it is also found in cosmetic products as an anti-aging agents.] |
