All terms in DRUGBANK

Label Id Description
2-HYDROXY-3,5-DIIODOBENZOIC ACID DB04674
Iron azide hydrate DB02013
Octylphenoxy polyethoxyethanol DB04682
Sri-9439 DB03351
S-Arsonocysteine DB03352
(2R)-3-{[{[(2S)-2,3-DIHYDROXYPROPYL]OXY}(HYDROXY)PHOSPHORYL]OXY}-2-[(9E)-HEXADEC-9-ENOYLOXY]PROPYL (9E)-OCTADEC-9-ENOATE DB04683
GALACTOSE GREASE DB04680
Fidarestat DB02021
Cobalt Hexammine Ion DB03350
BETA-METHYLLACTOSIDE DB04681
Alrestatin DB02020
Medical Cannabis DB14009 [The use of the plant species _Cannabis sativa_ and _Cannabis indica_, popularly known as marijuana, has gained popularity in recent years for the management of a wide variety of medical conditions as a wave of legalization in North America has changed public and medical opinion on its use. Consequently, an expanding body of evidence has begun to emerge that has demonstrated its potential usefulness in the management of conditions such as chronic pain, spasticity, inflammation, epilepsy, and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting among many others[A32585]. This area of research is controversial and has been heavily debated, however, due to concerns over risks of addiction, long-term health effects, and Cannabis' association with schizophrenia. From a pharmacological perspective, Cannabis' diverse receptor profile explains its potential application for such a wide variety of medical conditions. Cannabis contains more than 400 different chemical compounds, of which 61 are considered cannabinoids, a class of compounds that act upon cannabinoid receptors of the body [A32584]. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and [DB09061] (CBD) are two types of cannabinoids found naturally in the resin of the marijuana plant, both of which interact with the cannabinoid receptors that are found throughout the body. Although THC and CBD have been the most studied cannabinoids, there are many others identified to date including cannabinol (CBN), cannabigerol (CBG), [DB14050] (CBDV), and [DB11755] (THCV) that have been shown to modify the physiological effects of cannabis [A32830]. While both CBD and THC are used for medicinal purposes, they have different receptor activity, function, and physiological effects. THC and CBD are converted from their precursors, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-A (THCA-A) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), through decarboxylation when unfertilized female cannabis flowers are activated either through heating, smoking, vaporization, or baking. While cannabis in its natural plant form is currently used "off-label" for the management of many medical conditions, THC is currently commercially available in synthetic form as [DB00486], as purified isomer as [DB00470], or in a 1:1 formulation with CBD from purified plant extract as [DB14011]. Cannabinoid receptors are utilized endogenously by the body through the endocannabinoid system, which includes a group of lipid proteins, enzymes, and receptors that are involved in many physiological processes. Through its modulation of neurotransmitter release, the endocannabinoid system regulates cognition, pain sensation, appetite, memory, sleep, immune function, and mood among many others. These effects are largely mediated through two members of the G-protein coupled receptor family, cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2)[A32585]. CB1 receptors are found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, with the majority of receptors localized to the hippocampus and amygdala of the brain. Physiological effects of using cannabis make sense in the context of its receptor activity as the hippocampus and amygdala are primarily involved with regulation of memory, fear, and emotion. In contrast, CB2 receptors are mainly found peripherally in immune cells, lymphoid tissue, and peripheral nerve terminals [A32676]. The primary psychoactive component of Cannabis, delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), demonstrates its effects through weak partial agonist activity at Cannabinoid-1 (CB1R) and Cannabinoid-2 (CB2R) receptors. This activity results in the well-known effects of smoking cannabis such as increased appetite, reduced pain, and changes in emotional and cognitive processes. In contrast to THC's weak agonist activity, CBD has been shown to act as a negative allosteric modulator of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor, the most abundant G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) in the body [A32469]. Allosteric regulation is achieved through the modulation of receptor activity on a functionally distinct site from the agonist or antagonist binding site, which is therapeutically important as direct agonists are limited by their psychomimetic effects while direct antagonists are limited by their depressant effects [A32469]. There is further evidence that CBD also activates 5-HT1A serotonergic and TRPV1–2 vanilloid receptors, antagonizes alpha-1 adrenergic and µ-opioid receptors, inhibits synaptosomal uptake of noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin and gaminobutyric acid and cellular uptake of anandamide, acts on mitochondria Ca2 stores, blocks low-voltage-activated (T-type) Ca2 channels, stimulates activity of the inhibitory glycine-receptor, and inhibits activity of fatty amide hydrolase (FAAH) [A31555, A31574]. Due to the differences in receptor profile between CBD and THC, these cannabinoids are understandably used to treat different conditions. Furthermore, when combined with THC, CBD has been shown to modulate THC's activity, resulting in differences in pharmacological effect between "strains", or chemovars, of the Cannabis plant which are bred to contain different concentrations of CBD and THC. For example, strains containing a high proportion of CBD have been shown to reduce the psychosis- and anxiety-inducing effects of THC [A32833]. Reliably studying the effects of Cannabis is complicated by the large variety of available strains and by the numerous other compounds that Cannabis contains such as terpenes, flavonoids, phenols, amino acids, and fatty acids among many others that have shown potential to modulate the plant's pharmacological effect [A32832,A32824].]
Dimethicone 410 DB14005 [Dimethicone is a silicone-based polymer used as a moisturizer in different skin OTC products.[A32462] It is formed by repeated polymeric units of -(CH3)2SiO- with a terminal trimethyl siloxy unit.[L1769] It is currently recognized by the FDA as a skin protectant OTC ingredient for human use in a concentration of 1-30%.[L2162] The name dimethicone has a lot of nomenclature inconsistencies as it is used to refer to common names, generic names, trade names or even for the listing of mixtures. It is reported that the term dimethicone includes the notation of polydimethylsiloxane and trimethylsiloxy-terminated fluids between 20-30,000 cSt (viscosity).[L2163]]
Valanafusp alfa DB15336 [Valanafusp alfa is under investigation in clinical trial NCT03071341 (Extension Study Evaluating Long Term Safety and Activity of AGT-181 in Children With MPS I).]
Choline salicylate DB14006 [Choline salicylate is an anti-inflammatory pain reliever agent that is related to aspirin. It is used to decrease swelling and to treat mild-moderate pain. It is used to treat arthritis in both children and adults. This medicine can also be used for fever [L2129]. Choline Salicylate is the choline salt of salicylic acid, used as an analgesic, antipyretic and antirheumatic. It relieves mild to moderate pain and reduce fever and inflammation or swelling. Choline salicylate is effective in the treatment of gout, rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis and muscle injuries [L2136]. This drug is also a main ingredient in teething gels to relieve pains associated with tooth growth in the infant population [L2134]. The UK government has regulated its use, due to toxicity in those under 16 years of age. Topical oral salicylate gels are no longer indicated for people younger than 16 years for pain associated with infant teething, orthodontic devices, cold sores, or mouth ulcers [L2134].]
Methcathinone DB15339 [Methcathinone is under investigation in clinical trial NCT02617862 (PCI Imaging System in Pediatric Ophthalmology).]
Pentetic acid DB14007 [Pentetic acid, also known as diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), is a synthetic polyamino carboxylic acid with eight coordinate bond forming sites that can sequester metal ions and form highly stable DTPA-metal ion complexes. DTPA, along with its calcium and zinc trisodium salts, are the only FDA approved agents for the treatment of internal contamination by transuranics.[A32501] It is currently considered, in all the dosage forms, as a member of the list of approved inactive ingredients for drug products by the FDA.[L2242] DPTA was developed by the pharmaceutical company CIS US and FDA approved on April 14, 2004.[L1469]]
Hispidulin DB14008 [Hispidulin (4',5,7-trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone) is a potent benzodiazepine (BZD) receptor ligand with positive allosteric properties [A32513].]
Rovatirelin DB15338 [Rovatirelin is under investigation in clinical trial NCT01384435 (A Phase II Double Blind Comparative Study of KPS-0373 in Patients With Spinocerebellar Degeneration (SCD)).]
alpha-Tocopherol succinate DB14001 [Alpha-tocopherol is the primary form of vitamin E that is preferentially used by the human body to meet appropriate dietary requirements. In particular, the RRR-alpha-tocopherol (or sometimes called the d-alpha-tocopherol stereoisomer) stereoisomer is considered the natural formation of alpha-tocopherol and generally exhibits the greatest bioavailability out of all of the alpha-tocopherol stereoisomers. Moreover, manufacturers typically convert the phenol component of the vitamin to esters using acetic or succinic acid, making a compound such as alpha-tocopherol succinate more stable and easier to use in vitamin supplements [A32956, A32957]. Alpha-tocopherol succinate is subsequently most commonly indicated for dietary supplementation in individuals who may demonstrate a genuine deficiency in vitamin E. Vitamin E itself is naturally found in various foods, added to others, or used in commercially available products as a dietary supplement. The recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) for vitamin E alpha-tocopherol are: males = 4 mg (6 IU) females = 4 mg (6 IU) in ages 0-6 months, males = 5 mg (7.5 IU) females = 5 mg (7.5 IU) in ages 7-12 months, males = 6 mg (9 IU) females = 6 mg (9 IU) in ages 1-3 years, males = 7 mg (10.4 IU) females = 7 mg (10.4 IU) in ages 4-8 years, males = 11 mg (16.4 IU) females = 11 mg (16.4 IU) in ages 9-13 years, males = 15 mg (22.4 IU) females = 15 mg (22.4 IU) pregnancy = 15 mg (22.4 IU) lactation = 19 mg (28.4 IU) in ages 14+ years [L2120]. Most individuals obtain adequate vitamin E intake from their diets; genuine vitamin E deficiency is considered to be rare. Nevertheless, vitamin E is known to be a fat-soluble antioxidant that has the capability to neutralize endogenous free radicals. This biologic action of vitamin E consequently continues to generate ongoing interest and study in whether or not its antioxidant abilities may be used to help assist in preventing or treating a number of different conditions like cardiovascular disease, ocular conditions, diabetes, cancer and more. At the moment, however, there exists a lack of formal data and evidence to support any such additional indications for vitamin E use. Moreover, although it is generally believed that alpha-tocopherol succinate would naturally demonstrate such general vitamin E-tocopherol pharmacodynamics after undergoing a logical de-esterification in the gut [A32956, A32957], there is ongoing research that proposes that the alpha-tocopherol succinate compound itself is capable of eliciting anti-cancer [L2699, A32959] and inflammation mediation [A32958] activities that are unique from the alpha-tocopherol form and other alpha-tocopherol esters [L2699, A32958, A32959].]